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Table 10 Future likelihood of firearm possession and use in a situation where political violence is perceived as justified

From: Single-year change in views of democracy and society and support for political violence in the USA: findings from a 2023 nationally representative survey

Thinking now about the future and all the changes it might bring, how likely is it that you will use a gun in any of the following ways in the next few years—in a situation where you think force or violence is justified to advance an important political objective?

2022 Respondents (n = 12,947)

2023 Respondents (n = 9385)

Mean Difference,* 2022–2023

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Mean score (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI) Mean score (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI) Mean score (95% CI)

I will be armed with a gun

Not likely (1)

10,408

80.6 (79.7, 81.5)

6832

75.9 (74.7, 77.1)

9385

 − 5.6 (− 6.9, − 4.4)

Somewhat likely (2)

1331

10.5 (9.8, 11.3)

1268

12.8 (11.9, 13.8)

9385

2.7 (1.6, 3.8)

Very or extremely likely (3)

1070

7.4 (6.9, 8.0)

1140

9.0 (8.3, 9.8)

9385

2.2 (1.4, 3.0)

Non-response

138

1.4 (1.1, 1.7)

145

2.2 (1.8, 2.7)

9385

0.7 (0.2, 1.2)

Item score†

12,809

1.26 (1.24, 1.27)

9240

1.32 (1.30, 1.33)

9181

0.076 (0.059, 0.094)

I will carry a gun openly, so that people know I am armed

Not likely (1)

11,559

88.9 (88.2, 89.7)

7992

85.6 (84.6, 86.6)

9385

 − 4.1 (− 5.2, − 3.0)

Somewhat likely (2)

751

5.6 (5.1, 6.1)

787

7.6 (6.8, 8.4)

9385

2.4 (1.5, 3.2)

Very or extremely likely (3)

489

3.9 (3.5, 4.4)

451

4.4 (3.8, 5.0)

9385

0.9 (0.2, 1.6)

Non-response

148

1.5 (1.2, 1.8)

155

2.4 (1.9, 2.9)

9385

0.8 (0.3, 1.3)

Item score†

12,799

1.14 (1.13, 1.15)

9230

1.17 (1.15, 1.18)

9162

0.045 (0.030, 0.060)

I will threaten someone with a gun

Not likely (1)

12,570

96.3 (95.8, 96.7)

8971

93.9 (93.1, 94.7)

9385

 − 2.2 (− 3.0, − 1.4)

Somewhat likely (2)

148

1.3 (1.0, 1.6)

168

2.3 (1.8, 2.8)

9385

1.0 (0.4, 1.5)

Very or extremely likely (3)

83

0.9 (0.7, 1.2)

101

1.6 (1.2, 2.1)

9385

0.6 (0.2, 1.1)

Non-response

146

1.5 (1.2, 1.8)

145

2.2 (1.7, 2.7)

9385

0.6 (0.1, 1.1)

Item score†

12,801

1.03 (1.03, 1.04)

9240

1.06 (1.05, 1.07)

9172

0.024 (0.014, 0.034)

I will shoot someone with a gun

Not likely (1)

12,372

94.8 (94.3, 95.4)

8766

92.3 (91.5, 93.2)

9385

 − 2.5 (− 3.4, − 1.6)

Somewhat likely (2)

302

2.6 (2.2, 2.9)

333

3.7 (3.1, 4.3)

9385

1.3 (0.6, 2.0)

Very or extremely likely (3)

132

1.1 (0.9, 1.4)

146

1.8 (1.4, 2.2)

9385

0.6 (0.1, 1.1)

Non-response

141

1.5 (1.2, 1.8)

140

2.2 (1.7, 2.6)

9385

0.6 (0.1, 1.1)

Item score†

12,806

1.05 (1.04, 1.06)

9245

1.07 (1.06, 1.08)

9179

0.027 (0.016, 0.038)

  1. *Among respondents to both surveys (n = 9385)
  2. Mean scores in 2022 and 2023 were scored using values indicated in the response lines for individual items. Non-responses were excluded from mean score calculations and differences in mean scores were computed in the subsample of respondents with non-missing responses in both years by computing within-individual change scores and averaging them, to account for the longitudinal study design. For computing differences in individual response levels, indicator variables were computed for each item for each response level and within-individual differences in these were computed and averaged in the subsample of respondents who responded to the survey in both years. This explains why the unweighted n for the mean differences varies