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Table 6 Association between future likelihood of firearm possession and use in a situation where political violence is perceived as justified and expectations and perceived need for civil war in the United States

From: Expectations of and perceived need for civil war in the USA: findings from a 2023 nationally representative survey

Query and response

Anticipated Future Firearm Use When Political Violence Is Justified

I Will Be Armed with a Gun

Not LIkely

Somewhat LIkely

Very/Extremely Likely

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Which of the following comes closer to your view of what a second civil war might look like?*

      

Like an insurgency or guerrilla war, with small groups attacking specific targets or people

6082

90.1 (89.0, 91.1)

1075

83.1 (79.5, 86.6)

954

79.6 (75.5, 83.6)

Like the first Civil War in the United States, with opposing armies and large battles

465

9.9 (8.9, 11.0)

141

16.9 (13.4, 20.5)

142

20.4 (16.4, 24.5)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)

Referent

5.5 (2.1, 8.9; 0.002)

9.6 (5.6, 13.7; < 0.001)

How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements?

      

In the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States

      

Do not agree

4890

70.1 (68.6, 71.6)

704

51.3 (47.3, 55.3)

533

42.8 (38.7, 46.9)

Somewhat agree

1649

26.1 (24.7, 27.6)

459

39.7 (35.7, 43.6)

436

38.3 (34.3, 42.3)

Strongly/very strongly agree

222

3.8 (3.1, 4.4)

89

9.0 (6.5, 11.6)

164

18.9 (15.3, 22.5)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

4.6 (2.0, 7.3; 0.001)

14.7 (11.1, 18.3; < 0.001)

The United States needs a civil war to set things right

      

Do not agree

6246

90.8 (89.8, 91.8)

1006

76.7 (73.1, 80.3)

783

64.5 (60.3, 68.6)

Somewhat agree

415

6.8 (6.0, 7.7)

188

17.4 (14.2, 20.7)

233

21.5 (18.0, 24.9)

Strongly/very strongly agree

118

2.3 (1.8, 2.9)

61

5.9 (3.7, 8.0)

116

14.1 (10.8, 17.3)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

3.0 (0.8, 5.1; 0.006)

11.1 (7.8, 14.4; < 0.001)

Query and response

Anticipated Future Firearm Use When Political Violence Is Justified

I Will Carry a Gun Openly, So That People Know I Am Armed

Not LIkely

Somewhat LIkely

Very/Extremely Likely

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Which of the following comes closer to your view of what a second civil war might look like?*

      

Like an insurgency or guerrilla war, with small groups attacking specific targets or people

7117

89.9 (88.9, 90.9)

652

80.9 (76.3, 85.5)

338

68.9 (61.7, 76.1)

Like the first Civil War in the United States, with opposing armies and large battles

546

10.1 (9.1, 11.1)

104

19.1 (14.5, 23.7)

92

31.1 (23.9, 38.3)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)

Referent

7.0 (2.5, 11.5; 0.002)

17.0 (9.9, 24.1; < 0.001)

How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements?

      

In the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States

      

Do not agree

5577

68.7 (67.3, 70.1)

384

43.2 (38.0, 48.4)

158

32.2 (25.6, 38.7)

Somewhat agree

2037

27.1 (25.8, 28.4)

329

43.7 (38.4, 48.9)

178

41.4 (34.5, 48.3)

Strongly/very strongly agree

302

4.2 (3.5, 4.8)

64

13.1 (8.9, 17.3)

108

26.5 (20.5, 32.4)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

7.8 (3.7, 12; < 0.001)

21.3 (15.3, 27.3; < 0.001)

The United States needs a civil war to set things right

      

Do not agree

7228

90.3 (89.4, 91.3)

550

64.8 (59.5, 70.1)

250

51.2 (44.2, 58.2)

Somewhat agree

555

7.3 (6.5, 8.1)

173

25.4 (20.5, 30.2)

107

25.6 (19.3, 31.8)

Strongly/very strongly agree

151

2.3 (1.8, 2.8)

55

9.9 (6.1, 13.6)

87

23.2 (17.5, 28.9)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

6.8 (3.1, 10.4; < 0.001)

19.6 (13.8, 25.5; < 0.001)

Query and response

Anticipated future firearm use when political violence is justified

I will shoot someone with a gun

Not likely

Somewhat likely

Very/extremely likely

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Unweighted n

Weighted % (95% CI)

Which of the following comes closer to your view of what a second civil war might look like?*

      

Like an insurgency or guerrilla war, with small groups attacking specific targets or people

7746

89.2 (88.2, 90.3)

261

70.3 (62.4, 78.3)

107

71.1 (59.8, 82.4)

Like the first Civil War in the United States, with opposing armies and large battles

658

10.8 (9.7, 11.8)

57

29.7 (21.7, 37.6)

34

28.9 (17.6, 40.2)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)

Referent

14.3 (6.4, 22.1; < 0.001)

11.4 (0.1, 22.6; 0.05)

How much do you agree or disagree with each of the following statements?

      

In the next few years, there will be civil war in the United States

Do not agree

5972

67.3 (65.9, 68.6)

126

32.9 (25.4, 40.5)

31

18.8 (9.8, 27.7)

Somewhat agree

2335

28.1 (26.8, 29.4)

152

48.2 (40.0, 56.5)

61

37.9 (26.9, 48.9)

Strongly/very strongly agree

374

4.6 (4.0, 5.3)

48

18.8 (12.1, 25.6)

53

43.3 (31.6, 55.1)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

12.6 (5.9, 19.3; < 0.001)

37.0 (25.5, 48.5; < 0.001)

The United States needs a civil war to set things right

      

Do not agree

7784

89.2 (88.2, 90.1)

202

49.0 (40.9, 57.2)

55

30.4 (20.4, 40.4)

Somewhat agree

713

8.3 (7.5, 9.1)

88

34.2 (26.0, 42.4)

35

24.9 (14.6, 35.2)

Strongly/very strongly agree

201

2.6 (2.1, 3.0)

39

16.8 (9.9, 23.6)

55

44.7 (33.0, 56.4)

Adjusted prevalence difference (95% CI; q-value)§

Referent

12.9 (6.6, 19.3; < 0.001)

40.6 (29.1, 52.1; < 0.001)

  1. *Some people talk about a second civil war in the United States. Which of the following comes closer to your view of what a second civil war might look like? 1. A second civil war would be like the first Civil War in the United States, with opposing armies and large battles. 2. A second civil war would be like an insurgency or guerrilla war, with small groups attacking specific targets or people
  2. Adjusted prevalence difference is for the “like the first Civil War” response
  3. Thinking now about the future and all the changes it might bring, how likely is it that you will use a gun in any of the following ways in the next few years—in a situation where you think force or violence is justified to advance an important political objective?
  4. §Adjusted prevalence difference is for the strongly/very strongly agree response
  5. Adjusted models include age, race and ethnicity, gender, education, income, Census division, and rurality. Adjusted differences are for the strongly/very strongly agree comparison. Q-values represent the probability that the given difference would be a false discovery; they represent the expected proportion of “false positives” that would be seen among the collection of all differences whose q-values were at or below the given q-value