Table 1 Characteristics of therapeutic errors Associated with Diabetes medications as the primary substance reported to United States Poison Centers by Age Group, national poison Data System 2000–2021
From: Therapeutic errors involving diabetes medications reported to United States poison centers
Characteristics | Age Groups | Total | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 20 Years | 20–39 Years | 40–49 Years | 50–59 Years | 60–69 Years | 70–79 years | > 79 Years | Unknown | ||
n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | n (%)a | ||
Total (Row %)b | 7,688 (5.3) | 13,612 (9.4) | 16,503 (11.3) | 31,588 (21.7) | 37,210 (25.6) | 26,299 (18.1) | 12,635 (8.7) | 12,088 | 157,623 (100.0) |
Sex | |||||||||
Male | 4,152 (54.0) | 4,882 (35.9) | 6,163 (37.4) | 11,271 (35.7) | 13,803 (37.1) | 10,103 (38.4) | 4,770 (37.8) | 4,377 | 59,521 (37.8) |
Female | 3,531 (46.0) | 8,723 (64.1) | 10,332 (62.6) | 20,306 (64.3) | 23,399 (62.9) | 16,191 (61.6) | 7,855 (62.2) | 7,624 | 97,961 (62.2) |
Unknown | 5 | 7 | 8 | 11 | 8 | 5 | 10 | 87 | 141 |
Type of exposure | |||||||||
Single substance | 6,874 (89.4) | 11,922 (87.6) | 13,888 (84.2) | 26,208 (83.0) | 30,483 (81.9) | 20,625 (78.4) | 8,894 (70.4) | 10,528 | 129,422 (82.1) |
Multiple substance | 814 (10.6) | 1,690 (12.4) | 2,615 (15.8) | 5,380 (17.0) | 6,727 (18.1) | 5,674 (21.6) | 3,741 (29.6) | 1,560 | 28,201 (17.9) |
Highest level of health care received | |||||||||
No treatment received in a HCF | 4,876 (63.9) | 9,659 (76.0) | 11,905 (76.5) | 22,277 (75.1) | 25,782 (73.8) | 17,517 (71.2) | 7,884 (67.4) | 9,015 | 108,915 (44.1) |
Treated/evaluated and released | 1,481 (19.4) | 1,958 (15.4) | 2,360 (15.2) | 4,830 (16.3) | 6,057 (17.3) | 4,429 (18.0) | 2,009 (17.2) | 723 | 123,847 (50.1) |
Admitted to a healthcare facility | 751 (9.8) | 550 (4.3) | 620 (4.0) | 1,266 (4.3) | 1,677 (4.8) | 1,611 (6.6) | 1,245 (10.7) | 112 | 7,869 (3.2) |
Critical care unit | 214 (2.8) | 192 (1.5) | 185 (1.2) | 375 (1.3) | 480 (1.4) | 477 (1.9) | 337 (2.9) | 37 | 2,337 (1.0) |
Non-critical care unit | 537 (7.0) | 358 (2.8) | 435 (2.8) | 891 (3.0) | 1,197 (3.4) | 1,134 (4.6) | 908 (7.8) | 72 | 5,532 (2.2) |
Psychiatric facility | 4 (0.1) | 10 (0.1) | 12 (0.1) | 13 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 3 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 3 | 55 (0.0) |
Patient refused referral/ Did not arrive at HCF | 195 (2.5) | 527 (4.1) | 667 (4.3) | 1,288 (4.3) | 1,421 (4.1) | 1,035 (4.2) | 549 (4.7) | 609 | 6,291 (2.5) |
Unknown c | 381 | 881 | 939 | 1,914 | 2,265 | 1,704 | 906 | 1,629 | 10,646 |
Medical outcome | |||||||||
No effect | 2,683 (37.2) | 3,697 (29.7) | 5,301 (34.9) | 11,591 (39.9) | 14,947 (43.6) | 11,114 (46.1) | 5,207 (45.3) | 2,805 | 57,345 (39.9) |
Minor effect | 520 (7.2) | 998 (8.0) | 1,158 (7.6) | 1,976 (6.8) | 2,089 (6.1) | 1,361 (5.6) | 609 (5.3) | 403 | 9,114 (6.3) |
Serious medical outcomed | 710 (9.8) | 1,194 (9.6) | 1,383 (9.1) | 2,742 (9.4) | 3,329 (9.7) | 2,745 (11.4) | 1,602 (13.9) | 520 | 14,225 (9.9) |
Moderate effect | 677 (9.4) | 1,154 (9.3) | 1,340 (8.8) | 2,651 (9.1) | 3,215 (9.4) | 2,643 (10.9) | 1,535 (13.3) | 507 | 13,722 (9.6) |
Major effect | 33 (0.5) | 39 (0.3) | 41 (0.3) | 91 (0.3) | 109 (0.3) | 94 (0.5) | 66 (0.6) | 13 | 486 (0.3) |
Death | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 2 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | 5 (0.0) | 8 (0.0) | 1 (0.0) | 0 | 17 (0.0) |
Not followede | 3,301 (45.8) | 6,550 (52.7) | 7,366 (48.4) | 12,716 (43.8) | 13,907 (40.6) | 8,911 (36.9) | 4,085 (35.5) | 6,161 | 62,997 (43.8) |
Unable to followf | 462 | 1,173 | 1,295 | 2,563 | 2,938 | 2,168 | 1,132 | 2,199 | 13,942 |
Medication category | |||||||||
Insulin | 1,998 (26.0) | 4,979 (36.6) | 6,770 (41.0) | 15,119 (47.9) | 19,369 (52.1) | 13,722 (52.2) | 5,998 (47.5) | 5,888 | 73,843 (46.8) |
Metformin | 3,652 (47.5) | 5,870 (43.1) | 5,708 (34.6) | 9,043 (28.6) | 9,419 (25.3) | 5,744 (21.8) | 2,386 (18.9) | 3,653 | 45,475 (28.8) |
Sulfonylureas | 1,214 (15.8) | 1,487 (10.9) | 2,020 (12.2) | 3,836 (12.1) | 4,621 (12.4) | 4,327 (16.5) | 3,045 (24.1) | 1,099 | 21,649 (13.7) |
GLP-1 receptor agonists | 25 (0.3) | 278 (2.0) | 462 (2.8) | 859 (2.7) | 800 (2.2) | 433 (1.6) | 93 (0.7) | 314 | 3,264 (2.1) |
Other | 799 (10.4) | 998 (7.3) | 1,543 (9.3) | 2,731 (8.6) | 3,001 (8.1) | 2,073 (7.9) | 1,113 (8.8) | 1,134 | 13,392 (8.5) |