Table 1 Summary of studies that include frostbite and frostbite-related limb amputation attributes
Author(s), year, country | Study sample size | Age years (mean/median) | Sex (M/F) | Study design | Degree of frostbite injury | Predisposing factors | Limb loss outcome/amputation extremity* |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antti-poikka et al., 1990, Finland | 9 | 49 | 9/0 | RCS | Deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse | UE & LE |
Boles et al., 2018, Canada | 47 | 15 | 24/23 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Cigarette use -Marijuana use -Depression -Unsupervised care | UE & LE |
Brandstrom et al., 2014, Sweden | 244 | 60 | 164/80 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse | NS |
Carceller et al., 2019, Spain | 92 | 33.1 | 74/18 | RCS | Deep | Personal (amputation-specific) -Delay before receiving medical attention -Time before rewarming | NS |
Cauchy et al., 2001, France | 70 | 31.9 | 63/7 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | UE & LE |
Detanac et al., 2022, Serbia | 1 | 40 | 1/0 | CR | Deep | Psychosocial -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | NS |
Endorf et al., 2022a, USA | 148 | 42.4 | 120/28 | RC | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Substance use | NS |
Endorf and Nygaard, 2022b, USA | 42,810 | 49.2 | 29,585/13,225 | RC | Deep | Psychosocial -Homelessness | UE & LE |
Endorf and Nygaard, 2021a, USA | 1065 | 51.2 | 855/210 | RC | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Substance use | UE & LE |
Endorf and Nygaard, 2021b, USA | 1617 | 51.3 | 1301/316 | RC | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Substance use | UE & LE |
Fabian et al., 2017, Canada | 265 | 40.5 | 196/69 | RC | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | UE & LE |
Hashmi et al., 1998, Pakistan | 1500 | 27 | 1500/0 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | NS |
Jovic et al., 2019, Serbia | 24 | 49 | 21/3 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Smoking | UE & LE |
Kloeters et al., 2011, Germany | 1 | 19 | 1/0 | CR | Deep | Unexpected Event Delay before receiving medical care after a car accident | UE & LE |
Koljonen et al., 2004, Finland | 42 | 42.5 | 36/6 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders | UE & LE |
Lindford et al., 2017, Finland | 20 | 51.1 | 16/4 | RC | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders -Smoking -Substance use | UE & LE |
Lorentzen and Penninga, 2018, Greenland | 6 | 43.8 | 5/1 | CR | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | UE |
Miller et al., 1980, Canada | 101 | NS | NS | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse | UE & LE |
Nygaard et al., 2017, USA | 73 | 42 | 58/15 | RCS | Deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Substance use -Psychiatric disorders Personal (amputation-specific) -Delay before receiving medical attention -Time before rewarming | UE & LE |
Poole et al., 2021, Canada | 22 | 39 | 17/5 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse | UE & LE |
Schellenberg et al., 2020, USA | 241 | 44 | 184/57 | RCS | NS | Personal (amputation-specific) -Higher admission heart rate | UE & LE |
Su et al., 2015, China | 568 | NS | NS | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders | UE & LE |
Tavri et al., 2016, USA | 13 | 33.4 | 11/2 | RCS | Deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Tobacco use | UE & LE |
Tran et al., 2022, USA | 54 | NS | 38/16 | RCS | NS | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Substance use | UE & LE |
Urschel 1990, Canada | 79 | NS | NS | RCS | NS | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders Personal (amputation-specific) -Delay before receiving medical attention | NS |
Valnicek et al., 1993, Canada | 125 | 41 | 97/28 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing Personal (amputation-specific) -Delay before receiving medical attention | UE & LE |
Wani et al., 2008, India | 1 | 15 | 0/1 | CR | Deep | Psychosocial -Low socioeconomic status Personal -Delay before receiving medical attention -Inadequate or improper winter clothing -Lack of knowledge of how to deal with cold weather | LE |
Zhang et al., 2022, China | 36 | 51.5 | 30/6 | RCS | Deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Smoking -Substance use Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing | LE |
Zhao et al., 2020, China | 156 | 43.7 | 128/28 | RCS | Deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Smoking Personal (amputation specific) -Delay in medical treatment -Longer time period before rewarming | UE & LE |