Table 2 Summary of studies that include frostbite injury alone (no amputation attributes)
Author(s), year, country | Study sample size | Age years (mean) | Sex (M/F) | Study design | Degree of frostbite injury | Predisposing factors |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ervasti et al., 2004, Finland | 5893 | 20 | 5893/0 | CS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Smoking |
Ghumman et al., 2019, Canada | 22 | 40 | 18/4 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders -Substance use |
Hanko et al., 2022, USA | 41 | NS | 29/12 | RCS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Homelessness -Psychiatric disorders -Substance use |
Harirchi et al., 2005, Iran | 637 | 29.6 | NS | CS | Superficial and deep | Personal -Inappropriate clothing -Lack or incorrect use of equipment -Lack of knowledge of how to deal with cold weather |
Lehmuskallio et al., 1995, Finland | 913 | 19 | 913/0 | PCC | Superficial and deep | Personal -Inadequate or improper winter clothing |
Makinen et al., 2009, Finland | 13,713 | NS | NS | CS | Superficial and deep | Psychosocial -Alcohol intoxication/abuse -Psychiatric disorders |
Masood et al., 2008, Pakistan | 130 | 29.06 | 130/0 | CS | Superficial | Personal -Lack or incorrect use of equipment -Lack of knowledge of how to deal with cold weather |