Table 2 Estimated effects and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of COVID-19 death rate and other covariates on the natural log-transformed increase in drug overdose mortality from 2019 to 2020–2021 among the 42 UHFs in NYC using marginal and multivariable linear regression models. The marginal models regressed on one covariate at a time. The covariates in the multivariable model were selected using stepwise selection by AIC

COVID-19 death rate in 1,000 person-years

0.457 (0.033, 0.880)

0.857 (0.512, 1.203)

Borough

 Manhattan

Ref

 Bronx

0.998 (0.188, 1.809)

 Brooklyn

– 0.031 (– 0.759, 0.696)

 Queens

– 0.142 (– 0.903, 0.619)

 Staten Island

0.155 (– 0.804, 1.115)

Age in years

 10% increase among age ≤ 19

0.054 (0.001, 0.107)

 10% increase among age 20–39

0.012 (– 0.035, 0.059)

 10% increase among age 40–59

– 0.058 (– 0.191, 0.076)

 10% increase among age 60–74

– 0.133 (– 0.232, – 0.033)

 10% increase among age ≥ 75

– 0.172 (– 0.302, – 0.041)

– 0.221 (– 0.333, – 0.109)

Sex

 10% increase in Male population

– 0.069 (– 0.219, 0.082)

Race/Ethnicity

 10% increase in Black population

0.013 (0.001, 0.026)

 10% increase in Asian population

– 0.042 (– 0.063, – 0.021)

 10% increase in Hispanic population

0.024 (0.011, 0.038)

0.022 (0.008, 0.035)

Household (HH) size

 10% increase in 1 member HHs

0.013 (– 0.017, 0.042)

0.036 (0.011, 0.061)

 10% increase in 2–3 member HHs

– 0.025 (– 0.11, 0.06)

0.045 (– 0.014, 0.104)

 10% increase in 4 or more member HHs

– 0.01 (– 0.042, 0.021)

Health Insurance

 10% increase with health insurance

– 0.018 (– 0.12, 0.084)

0.146 (0.056, 0.236)

Education

 10% increase with high school diploma

– 0.036 (– 0.069, – 0.003)

Household income

 $10,000 increase in median annual HH income

– 0.163 (– 0.253, – 0.073)